John Fountain and Victoria Gould, Relatively free algebras with weak exchange properties, J. Aust. Math. Soc. 75 (2003) 355--384.
and papers referred to there. The closure operators they consider are <X> = subalgebra generated by X, and PC(X) ("pure closure of X") = { y | <{y}> ∩ <X> is nontrivial }, in the latter case restricting attention to algebras on which PC is a closure operator.