Khatl

I. Phonetics

I.1 Vowels

Practical Orthography

X-SAMPA

	Front	Central	Back
High		i
Mid	e	u	o
Low	&		a

	Front	Central	Back
High		1
Mid	E	@	O
Low	a		Q

I.2 Consonants

Practical Orthography

	Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Voiceless Lateral Release Stop		tl
Voiceless Unaspirated Stop			c	k	k^j	q
Voiceless Velarized Stop	p^g	t^g		k^g
Voiceless Unaspirated Stop, Retroflex Release				k^r
Voiceless Velarized Stop, Retroflex Release				k^rg
Voiced Nasal Release Stop		dn
Voiced Lateral Release Stop		dl
Voiced Unaspirated Stop			j	g	g^j
Voiced Velarized Stop	b^g	d^g		g^g
Voiced Unaspirated Stop, Retroflex Release				g^r
Voiced Velarized Stop, Retroflex Release				g^rg
Voiceless Fricative		s	s^j	x		h
Voiced Fricative		z	z^j	v
Voiced Trill		r

X-SAMPA Equivalents

	Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Voiceless Lateral Release Stop		t_l
Voiceless Unaspirated Stop			c	k	q	?
Voiceless Velarized Stop	p_G	t_G		k_G
Voiceless Unaspirated Stop, Retroflex Release				k-\r\
Voiceless Velarized Stop, Retroflex Release				k_G-\r\
Voiced Nasal Release Stop		d_n
Voiced Lateral Release Stop		d_l
Voiced Unaspirated Stop			J\	g	G\
Voiced Velarized Stop	b_G	d_G		g_G
Voiced Unaspirated Stop, Retroflex Release				g-\r\
Voiced Velarized Stop, Retroflex Release				g_G-\r\
Voiceless Fricative		s	C	x		h
Voiced Fricative		z	j\	G
Voiced Trill		r

I.3 Remarks

There is height vowel harmony (spreads left-to-right). For purposes of harmony, e,i,o are considered high and &,u,a are considered low. To indicate a vowel unmarked for height, we will just use the high vowels.
Long vowels are indicated as ee, &&, ii, uu, oo, aa
Stress is on the first long syllable or on the antepenultimate syllable if there are no long syllables.
The syllable canon is CV(:)(C); except syllable-final consonants after long vowels must be non-obstruent or the glottal stop, i.e. after a long vowel, the coda can only be one of: q,s,s^j,x,h,z,z^j,v,r.

II. Nouns

II.1 Case/Number Marking

Case	Marker
Ergative	-geez
Dative	-b^goox
Genitive	-kiis
Instrumental	-p^goos
Locative	-zeex

	Other Markers
Plural	-s^ji
Definite	-r

The order of affixes on a noun is: Noun - (Definite) - (Plural) - Case

II.2 Pronouns

Pronouns are usually omitted, but they can be added for emphasis.

Person	Pronoun Stems
1st	k^gu-
2nd	jo-
3rd	s^j&-

These stems take the plural marker -s^j and are marked in the Absolutive case by -haa.

III. Verbs

Verbs have two stems: realis and irrealis. The proclitic person particle is defined by S-i-O-(i DO)-(B) where S, O, DO, B are given in the following table:

Person	S(ubject)	O(bject)	DO(indirect object)	B(eneficiary)
1	g-	-c-	-t^g-	-k^reex
2	k^g-	-j-	-dn-	-b^geex
3	s-	-s^j-	-dl-	-k^jees
(none)	q-	-h-	-q-	--

There are three basic patterns for verbs:

Person = Verb - T - C - (L) - B - M
Person = Verb - T - P - A
Person = Verb - (L) - I

with A, B, C, I, L, M, P, T referring to the following tables of tense/mood/aspect markings.

'A' TAM Table
Neutral	-h
Transitional	-xeg
Momentaneous	-ko
Perambulative	-tl
Continuative	-r
Persistive	-k^jes
Reversative	-zer
Durative	-s^jii
Consecutive	-sog^j
Repetitive	-qiq
Directive-Repetitive	-hoo
Semelfactive	-q
Bisective	-dlo
Conclusive	-c
Onomatopoetic	-sos

'B' TAM Table
Perfective	-q(e)
Imperfective	-z(i)
Futures	-b^g(i)
Optatives	-z^jee
Stative	-s(i)

'C' TAM Table
Inceptive	-t^goo
Customary	-k^joo
Progressive	-g^joo
Cessative	-k^rgo
...

'I' TAM Table
Immediate Imperative	-ciqi
Delayed Imperative	-giqi
Hortative	-kxiiq

'L' TAM Table
Cislocative	-dne
Translocative	-b^ge

'M' TAM Table
Declarative	-q
Assertive	-cece
Exclamatory	-koco
Interrogative	-d^gee
Intentive	-xoos
Imperative	-(i)r
Potential	-t^gij
Exhortative	-g^jeg^je
Monitive	-zee
Dubitive	-dnii
Optative	-p^gis^j
Subjunctive	-dlo
Participle	-g^roo

'P' TAM Table
Distant Past	-dleex
Past	-t^goos
Future	-g^rej

'T' TAM Table
Transitive	-v
Intransitive	-h
Ditransitive	-r

IV. Examples

The stressed syllable is indicated with underlining.

goors^jizeex s^j&jakuus = in the desert caves
s^j&jarz&&x goos^jikiis = in the desert of caves
s^j&jarz&&x goos^jikiis gih-s^jiivt^goosqiq = In the desert of caves, I ate (lots of) bugs
s^j&jarz&&x goos^jikiis gih-s^jiivt^goosqiq k^gug&&z = In the desert of caves, it was me that ate bugs
b^ges^j&^gk^joosig^roor = 'the new'/that which is new
ciisg^rar gos^jikiis = The City of Caves
ciisg^rar s^j&jakuus = The City in the Desert
ciisg^rar b^ges^je^gk^joosig^roor or b^ges^jeciisg^ror= New City

V. Sample Lexicon

Verbs are given with their realis/irrealis stems.

b^ges^je: new
k^gaha: old
cuusg^ru: city
s^j&ja: desert
goo: cave
s^jii/suu: eat
d^g&c&: bug(s)
tlutluuku: (onom.)bugs crunching (in mouth/under foot/etc.)

Main Conlang Page

Apollo Hogan, Berkeley, California, USA