Ineval

Sample Text

Ichufsos gop=n wars dagel=vas=l chakzhan=en. Izekos mo,

Ichufso

-s

[gop

war

-s

dagel

=vas

]=l

chakzhan

=en

encounter.unexpectedly:PERF

-3S:IMPERF

man

=NOM.AGT

go:PART

-3S:IMPERF

field

=LOC

=NOM.NAGT

tiger

=ACC

A man going in a field unexpectedly encountered a tiger.

I. Phonology

I.1 Vowels

Practical Orthography

X-Sampa

	Front		Back
High	i			u
Mid		e	o
Low	a

	Front		Back
High	i			u
Mid		E	O
Low	6

I.2 Consonants

In the tables below, where appropriate, pairs are given of voiceless and voiced.

Practical Orthography

X-Sampa

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t d	c j	k g	'
Fricative	f v	s z	sh zh		x
Affricate			ch jh
Nasal	m	n		n
Approximant	w		y
Liquid		l	r

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t d	c J\	k g	?
Fricative	f v	s z	S Z		h
Affricate			tS dZ
Nasal	m	n		N
Approximant	w		j
Liquid		l	r

I.3 Remarks

Main stress is on the second syllable for words of three or more syllables; otherwise, main stress is on the initial syllable. (There is secondary stress every third syllable thereafter.)
All vowels (a,e,i,o,u) as well as m,n,n,l,r can act as syllabus nuclei.

II. Nominal Morphology

III.1 Case Marking

Case is marked on noun-phrases via proclitics:

Case	Particle
Nominative, Agentive	=n(u)
Nominative, Nonagentive	=(a)l
Accusative	=(e)n
Dative/Benefactive	=ru
Oblique/Locative	=vas
Genitive	=(a)m
Vocative	=lu

The parenthesized vowels are only used to split otherwise identical consonants.

III.2 Pronouns

Person		Nom.Vol.Agt.	Nom.Nonvol.Agt.	Nom.Nonagt.	Acc.	Dat.	Loc.	Benef.	Gen.	Oblique
1	Sing.	kinda	kin	kil	kin	kiki	kiga	kiro	kam	kimva
	Dual	kunda	kun	kul	kun	kuki	kuga	kuro	kamu	kimvu
	Plur.	kint	kins	kit	kut	kikit	kigit	kurot	kami	kimvi
2	Sing.	vinda	vin	vil	vin	vivi	viga	viro	vam	vima
	Dual	vunda	vun	vul	vun	vuki	vuga	vuro	vamu	vuma
	Plur.	vint	vint	vit	vut	viti	vigit	vito	vami	vimi
3	Sing.	mo	mo	ma	mon	maro	miga	maro	mam	miva
	Dual	mu	mu	mu	mun	muru	muga	muru	mum	muga
	Plur.	tom	tom	tom	mot	mato	migit	mato	mant	mit
4	Sing.	no	no	na	non	naru	gana	naru	gana	gana
	Dual	nu	nu	nu	nun	nuru	gunu	nuru	gunu	gunu
	Plur.	ton	ton	ton	not	narut	gono	narut	gono	gono
Question		zinda	zin	zil	zin	ziri	zigi	ziro	zim	zimva

III.3 Etc.

Comparative: particle is =yigel, or Adj+jhem; (comparand is in Oblique case).
Superlative: particle is =dov'el, or xa+Adj+zem; (comparand is in Oblique case).
Equative: particle is =wa'lel, or y(i)+Adj+lel; (comparand is in Oblique case).

III. Verbal Morphology

Verb tense/aspect/mood is formed by combining the appropriate verb stem with one of the following declensions. Every verb has six stems: Present, Perfective, Subjunctive, Participial, Deponent, Passive.

Imperfect Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	-ki	-uki	-kit
2	-ov	-uv	-iv
3	-s	-u	-t
4	-i	-wi	-it
Q	-co

Aorist Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	-k	-ku	-ka
2	-sla	-slu	-sal
3	-v	-vu	-va
4	-f	-fu	-fa
Q	-cho

Future Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	-mik	-muk	-nok
2	-miv	-muv	-nos
3	-mis	-mus	-no
4	-mi	-mwi	-nol
Q	-m(o)no

Habitual Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	-jhenki	-jhenku	-jhenkit
2	-jhenov	-jhenuvu	-jheniv
3	-jhens	-jhen	-jhent
4	-jheni	-jhemi	-jhenit
Q	-jano

Negative Declension
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1	-(a)gak	-(a)gaku	-(a)gat
2	-(a)gav	-(a)gavu	-(a)git
3	-(a)z	-(a)zu	-(a)d
4	-(i)j	-(i)ju	-(i)d
Q	-(o)nono

The Habitual declension is also called Continuative and Iterative.

Present Stem:
- + Imperfect = I love/I do love
- + Aorist = I loved/I did love
- + Future = I will love
- + Habitual = I will be loving
- + Negative = I don't love
Perfective Stem:
- + Imperfect = I loved(completed action)
- + Aorist = I have/had loved
- + Future = I will have loved
- + Habitual = I used to love
- + Negative = I didn't love
Subjunctive Stem:
- + Imperfect = I would love
- + Aorist = I would have loved
- + Future = I would love
- + Habitual = I would be loving
- + Negative = I wouldn't love
Participial Stem:
- + Imperfect = loving
- + Aorist = having loved
- + Future = will be loving
- + Habitual = (usual) loving
- + Negative = non-loving
Deponent Stem: infinitives/dependent verbs/etc.

Causative: jhe- / jhil- / jhe- / jhi- / (*) / jh(e)-;
(*) for the deponent stem, if it begins with ya-, then this is changed to jhe-, otherwise jha- is prepended.
Applicative: du(r)- / dur- / do- / du- / (*) / d(o)-;
(*) for the deponent stem, if it begins with ya-, then this is changed to dwa-, otherwise du- is prepended.

IV. Syntax

Basic VSO word order.
Question words, adverbs, etc. go in Wackernagel's S2 position.

IV.2. Indefinite Pronouns

SK,SU,I/NS = bordo-
I/NS,COND,COMP,FC = ani-
QU,IN = cama-
IN,DN,COMP = klepo-
ARB = funzi-

Person = -pfush
Thing = -much
Place = -gejh
Time = -...

V. Examples

jhilicmok I caused to love
jhecemki I cause to love
cemmik I will love
icmomik I will have loved
cemki I love
cemk/icmok I loved
cemzark my having loved
chemk I would have loved
cemki yagaki I love to eat
icmojhenki I used to eat
negki yalak I want to go
olok I went
ecemlarki I am loved
jhecemlark I caused to be loved
cemagak mon I don't love him/her.
chemagak mon I won't/wouldn't love him/her.
icmogak mon I didn't love him/her.
ecemlaragak maro I was/am/will not be loved by him/her.
flomjhenki fum=n I'm a fum-drinker.
flomjhenki fum jichlo=n I drink cold fum.
filmos fum kam=n He drank my fum.
filmo'uv Jharol=m fum=n You (2) drank Jarol's fum.
filmocho zinda fum kam=n? Who drank my fum?
fum hazinizem sweetest fum
fum=vas jichlojhem colder than fum
fum=vas ijichlo'el as cold as fum
Xavokzar New City
Jeganzar King's City
Fumkozar Fum City
Gejhwakzar Far City
Jharomkozar Jharol's City
Yari penkel. It is raining.
Yarf penkel. It rained.
Filmocho camapfush=n fum kam=n? Did somebody drink my fum?

VI. Sample Lexicon

VI.1 Verbs

Verb stems are given according to: Present/Perfect/Subjunctive/Participial/Deponent/Passive

cem / icmo / chem / cemzar / yacma / ecemlar: love
ag / igo / xag / gazar / yaga / agar: eat
sal / islo / shal / sazlar / yasla / salar: speak
kor / ikro / koxor / kozar / yakra / okolar: build/make
wal / olo / al / war / yala / awar: go
juk / ijku / jhuk / jukzar / yajma / ujuklar: hit
flom / filmo / folom / flomzar / falmo / folomlar: drink
neg / ingo / nig / negzar / yanga / eneglar: want/desire/need
y(i) / iya / xa / xar / ya / yar: be
chufes / ichufso / chufesh / chufezhar / yachufsa / echufeslar: encounter unexpectedly
ze'ek / izeko / zhe'ek / zekzar / yazeke / zeklar: flee/run

VI.2 Nouns, Adjectives

jichlo: cold
fum: fermented honey & berry drink
kozar: city
jegan: king
zini: sweet
havo: new
mucha: old
gejhwa: far
gop: man
pevush: head
dagel: field
chakzhan: tiger
penkel: "raining"

Main Conlang Page

Apollo Hogan, Berkeley, California, USA