Dožún

Sample Text

Sample Text (Babel Text)

Bopéroy boγémerox wénoy dožúner žéγoy dožáper pïjojîkat. Pérožatped qíxkiš viqîgu šínarassë córeter gíqas ginágat - givížat. Gidužaš "cici ritamener sïklokamok - sïcicetamok." Ritamenun pamnafäb kalofun treyaž gigerat. Gidužaš "cici dologer jafener - dwo bonejoniššë sïklokamok gaqažžë xïgibomïgerakamo gaqažžë boperoy boγemeriš nujo nïxekam." Gaqavvë mïrïmïlajušed perožateddë pädologer päjafener - dwo gižoγa - xïgižuvat. Giduži "wenoy dožunap xïdoža digeraj gaquššë nïmoγderäbka nïcuserjlonji. Dožunemka sïgižoγmïr - sïgižmefmïrït gaqažžë nïqicoynaš." Gaqindë mïrïmïlajušed giqin boperoy boγemeriš nujo gixekmïrït dologer bikloki. Gaqingë babelap gžakit gaqigë giqassë mïrïmïlajušed boperoy boγemerox dožuner gižmefmïrït. Giqin boperoy boγemeriš nujo gixekmïrït.

I. Phonology/Orthography

I use the X-Sampa scheme for encoding IPA symbols into ASCII.

I.1 Vowels

(American, Colorado) English approximations to vowel sounds: i `need'; e `lay'; ä `mad'; a `caught'; o `coke'; u `noodle'; ï `sit'/`soot'; ë `bug'/`mull'.

I.2 Consonants

• The orthographic 'n' may indicate a wide range of articulation points, depending on the context.
• Note that 'q' is inconsistently notated in the orthography.
• (The change from Govun to Dozhun: r=l, b=j, d=g, p=c, t=k, v=zh, f=sh, z=gh, s=x)
• In the formal register, there is usually prenasalization of words and stressed and word-final vowels are nasalized. Thus, for example, káfta > [^Nka:~fta~] cuvixélend > [^Jcuvixe:~lend]

English approximations to consonant sounds: p `spit'; b `babble'; t `star'; d `saddle'; c `tree'; j `dry'; k `skunk'; g `giggle'; q ` apple'; f `fat'; v `over'; s `sat'; z `ozone'; š `shape'; ž `azhure'; x `Loch'; γ `haggle' (soft); h `ahead'; m `moon'; n `ran'/`in yer'/`rang'; w `womb'; y `year'; l `ball'; r `larder';

II. Nominal Morphology

II.1. Theta-roles

káfta crîšeda a bird is keeping itself afloat (Agent)
káfta crîšera a bird floats (Theme)
káfta crîšema a bird is kept afloat (Patient)
káftap crîšero I am floating like a bird (Manner)
káftun crîšero I float by means of a bird (Instrument)
káftuš crîšero I am floating for the sake of a bird (Beneficiary)

The basic Theta-markers are given in the following table, they are suffixed both to nominal elements (nouns, adjectives, etc.) and also to verbs and various other elements of the language. The Full markers are the ones used in day-to-day usage. The Archaic and Formal registers are discussed elsewhere. Nouns and adjectives tend to drop word-final vowels when affixed directly with a Theta-marker.

Agent
The prototypical Agent is definite, animate, sentient creature who willingly, actively, bodily does the verbal action. For example: cu-káfted qîg-repé the bird is flying; the bird is using its own power, of its own will, to propel itself through the air. You would not use the Agent role if the bird was thrown through the air by something else.

Patient
The prototypical Patient is an inanimate object which is physically or otherwise materially affected by the verbal action, if animate, the Patient is typically an unwilling or involuntary participant. For example, káftem cu-céxta gitúxem the dog bit a bird.; the bird is most likely unwilling quite affected by the dog's bite.

Experiencer
The Experiencer is typically that which sees, hears, or otherwise experiences the verbal action but is not directly affected: cu-céxtey pšékot júfap-noxó. The dog smells flowers..

Theme

Recipient
cu-céxtuk gigágo I gave (it) to the dog;

Beneficiary
cu-céxtuš gicéto I baked (it) for the dog;

Instrument
Instrument indicates the tool or instrument used by the agent to accomplish the verbal act: mórokun γróqaždenehlo I am snake-hunting with a hammer; where the hammer is being used in the actual hunting.

Location
The Location is the spatial location where the verbal action occurs. This is usually a static location, i.e. the verbal action takes place entirely in the Location: bo-létas gibáypebo I layed an egg in the river; Note that often Location is further specified by an appropriate local post-position.

Path
bo-létac via the river;

Source

Destination

Purpose
káftaž cu-tíxta jocéred The cat sang for bird.;

Manner
wúktap ráduftap-gaj joqîgo-kampé I was dancing like a duck or a frog;

Extent

Temporal
Temporal is used to mark expressions indicating when something occured: nískav cu-káfta pïcéred the bird was singing at night; night is the time in which the singing occurred. Note that spatial expressions are not used in a temporal sense.

Possessor

Negative

Result

Cause

Force

Comitative

Measure/Material

II.2. ThetaP-roles

There is one idiosyncratic formation: the SourceP marker is -ingë (the expected marker would be *"-innë").

There are certain constructions (e.g. possessive) that require ThetaP-markings.

The distinction between Theta and ThetaP can be subtle. Nominals marked with ThetaP-markers tend to be viewed as less integral to the action. They may be incidental to the event described. For example, in

mórokun jíkmema I use my hammer to hit it.
(LIT: hammer-INSTR hit-1-PAT-3)

mórokunnë jíkmema I hit it with a hammer.
(LIT: hammer-INSTR_P hit-1-PAT-3)

Examples:

	Theta	ThetaP
Instrument:	mórokun jíkmema	mórokunnë jíkmema
	I hammer it.	I hit it with a hammer.
Temporal:	nískav gigéro	nískavvë gigéro
	I did my night-thing.	I did something at night.
Agent:	wúkted gitúxok	wúkteddë gitúxemot
	A duck bit me.	I was bitten by a duck.
Manner:	píptap joqîdo-kampé	píptappë joqîdo-kampé
	I was doing the chicken-dance.	I was dancing like a chicken.

II.3. Number

There is an exception to the general rules for number marking: for the dual form of paired body parts (of the form -t), simply replace -t with -w. Thus twógaw pair of eyes vs. twógat eye.

The V or C marker is used depending on whether the noun is vowel-final or consonant-final, respectively.

káftayed (1) bird (Singular, Agent)
káftawem (two) birds (Dual, Patient)
káftasun with birds (Plural, Instrument)
káftagäb no birds (None, Negative)
káftaγas at many birds (Many, Location)
káftapu some birds (Some, -)
támeneluk to (three) stones (Trial, Recipient)
támeneqas at many stones (Many, Location)
twógawunnë with (a pair of) eyes (Dual, InstrumentP)
wúsiwassë in (a pair of) ears (Dual, LocationP)

II.4. Adjectives

Adjectives precede their nouns.

Usually only one adjective is used at a time. If there are multiple adjectives modifying a noun, all except the first one will be marked with -dwo (and). So one says, for example, lísiy mároy-dwo xínïy-dwo káfta jocéred (lit.) A happy and little and blue bird was singing. More common is a construction such as káfta lísinjer-máronjer-xínïnjer-jocéred (lit.) A bird, being-happy, being-little, being-blue, was singing.

Examples:

lévzoy pšékotem a pretty flower (Singular, Patient; minimal marking)
lévzoyem pšékotiqem a pretty flower (Singular, Patient; fully marked)
márob mîfted three little mice (Trial, Agent)
faγrénïša γêžeγgiš to the infinite dark-green stars (Infinite, Destination)
lísiy mároy-dwo káfter a happy little bird (Sing, Theme)

II.5. Class-Prefixes and Definiteness

If there are conjunctions (ow ow or za za or ja ja) they will occur between the class-prefixes and the nominal element. The conjunction ow is often pronounced /u/ after class-prefixes.

Class-prefixes will be indicated with a hyphen separating them. (They behave more like clitics than bound morphemes in certain contexts.)

Examples:

cu-jófoy cu-céxta the big dog (c.f. jófoy céxta a big dog)
cu-jófoy xínïy-dwo cu-xórep the big blue sun
ki-tášof the coffee
ki-ow (kiu) tášof ki-ow (kiu) mégof the coffee and the honey

III. Verbal Morphology

• Verb marking is, where S/O = Person or #-FullPerson: (Mood) - (Evid/Volit) - (Tense) - (Asp) - V: - S/O
• 1/2 drops most S/O (esp. ed); em often dropped for 3/4
• In the Archaic register, there is also S/O marking on any governing item (eg postpositions).

• Prefixes to a verb give all Tense/Mood/Aspect/Etc. information
• Suffixes on a verb convey Person/Theta information

III.1. Verb Suffixes

III.2. Mood

cu-káfta céred the bird is singing (Declarative)
cu-káfta nïcéred the bird is not singing (Negative)
sïcéru sing! (Imperative)
cu-káfta mïcéred is the bird singing? (Interrogative)
cu-káfta xïcéred if the bird were singing or the bird would be singing etc. (Irrealis)
cu-káfta pïcéred [he told me] the bird was singing (Renarrative)

III.3. Evidential / Volition

cu-káfta secéred the bird sings (Willing)
cu-káfta jecéred the bird reluctantly sings (Unwilling)
cu-káfta necéred the bird must sing (Need)
cu-káfta lecéred the bird must sing (Need (duty))
cu-káfta cecéred the bird chirped [and gave itself away] (Accidently)
cu-káfta recéred the bird chirped [insolently] (Deliberately)
cu-káfta qecéred the bird burst into song (Abruptly)

III.4. Tense

cu-káfta jocéred the bird sang/was singing (Past)
cu-káfta γocéred the bird is singing right now (Present)
cu-káfta socéred the bird will sing (Future)

III.5. Aspect

cu-káfta céred the bird sings (Simple)
cu-káfta vicéred the bird is singing (Continuous)
cu-káfta žicéred the bird keeps singing/sings all the time (Iterative)
káfta xicéred birds sing (Eternal)
cu-káfta qicéred the bird likes to sing/is a singing bird (Habitual)
cu-káfta gicéred the bird sang (a song) (Completed)
cu-káfta dicéred the bird started singing (Inceptive)
cu-káfta bicéred the bird finished singing (Cessative)
cu-káfta jricéred the bird took up singing again (Resumptive)
cu-káfta šicéred the bird is about to sing (Prospective)

III.6. Complex Examples

káftaša nexicéred all birds must sing [to be happy] (Need/Eternal)
cu-káfta qedicéred the bird burst into song (Abruptly/Inceptive)
cu-káfta nïpujovicéred I could hear that the bird was not singing (Negative/Nonvisual/Continuous/Past)

III. Locative Postpositions

• Local postpositions govern appropriate Theta.
• Examples:

  bélažas-jíq in a tree (Archaic: gwélazyasas-dyíti)
  bo-bélažiš-júre almost into the tree
  bélažassë ixétlïka. He/she/it tends to hide in trees.
  bo-bélažin-nak káfta qegiqîgeda-repé (suddenly) a bird flew off the top of the tree.

IV. Numbers

cu-wúcoy céxta the first dog
cu-jócoy-wúcoy céxta the seventeenth dog
káftawor búk two birds
káftagäb zérk zero birds
cu-tíxtabor cu-gúk the three cats
cu-tíxtabor cu-gúkin from the three cats
báypawor búk(i) qitúfemo I usually eat two eggs.

• Mass nouns (those in the of Class type ki-) cannot be marked for number

V. Questions

mïxélend? Is it raining?
mïnîn-xïxélend? It's not raining, is it?
mïvicútu? Are you digging?
mïqicútu? Do you dig? / Are you a digger?
céxtaed mïgitúxemu? Did a dog bite you?
libï-céxtaed mïgitúxemu? Did some dog bite you?
bujï-céxtaed mïgitúxemu? Did that dog bite you?
libï-pérožat támensem mïjojóled? Was anyone throwing rocks?

xšéddë gitúxemu? What bit you?
xšíššë qígu? Where are you going?
xšínnë qígu? From whence are you coming?
xšëcéxtaed gitúxemu? What kind of dog bit you?

jogixêššu? / gixêššu? What did you do?
gixêšš? / gixêšši? / gixéxëšš? What happened?
cucéxtaed mïgixêššemu? What did the dog do to you?

V. Imperatives

• usually aspect-free; compl. asp. has great force; cont. asp. softens
• no evid. markers
• always marked for person (2/hon. usu.)
• for negative imperative, use nïn and V (or verbalnoun+nin+V)
• for honor. imperatives, use irrealis mood

sïqîgu Go!
sïqîgaxu Go! (pl)
sïgiqîgu Get out!
sïviqîgu Get going!
sïnînu-sïqîgu / sïnîn-qîgu / nîqïg sïnînuj Don't go!
xïqîgmïr If Sir would go.

VI. Adverbs

• guvú very
• maré little
• tód+Theta Temporal
• dêg+Theta Locational
• gáq+Theta Clause
• Adj+(h/w/j)Vh(central/front/back) Adjective to Adverb

VII. Conjunctions

• and = ow X ow X / X X-dwo
• or(inclusive) = za X za X / X X-taz
• or(exclusive) = ja X ja X / X X-gaj

mégof xóryë-dwo honey and salt
ow mégof ow xóryë ow tášof honey, salt, and coffee
cu-wúkta cu-rádufta-gaj either the duck or the frog
cu-ja wúkta cu-ja rádufta either the duck or the frog
za píptap za jértap chickens and/or squirrels

VIII. Derivational Morphology

• To form the Causative (V to V), prepose to the verb, either bó- for intentional causation or bé- for unintentional/accidental causation.

  gibóvidedo I lit the fire.
  cegibévidiγo I accidently caused the fire to start.

• To form a Middle or Reflexive (V to V), prepose xé- to the verb.

  xélend It is raining.

• To form the Augmentative (V to V) prepose a stressed syllable with the initial consonant reduplicated and the vowel derived from the initial vowel of the verb:

  Initial	Added
  o,u	u
  e,i	i
  ï,ë	ë
  ä,a	ä,a

  mímelγeyo I'm freezing! (c.f. mélγ to be cold)
  zázar to starve (c.f. zár to hunger)
  xéxixned It is a blizzard! (c.f. xnéd to snow)

• The Diminutive (V to V) is formed simply by preposing ríh- to the verb.

  xérihlend It is sprinkling.
  ríhtuf to nibble/snack (c.f. túf to eat)

• To moderate adjectives (i.e. A-ish) (A to A) prepend ho- to the adjective

  hoválto warm (c.f. válto hot)
  homíro smallish

• To form a verb of being from an adjective (i.e. to be A), (A to V), postpose -nj to the adjective.

  ménanjoxa (s)he is wise. (c.f. ména wise)
  pšékot ilévzonjera flowers are pretty (c.f. lévzo pretty)
  te-lúkawsu tléconjer your hands are strong (c.f. tléco strong)

• To form a verb of becoming from an adjective (i.e. to become A(er)), (A to V), prepose twó- and postpose -nj to the adjective.

  cuvitwómenanjoxa it seems (s)he is becoming wise(r)

• To form a verb of ability (ie to be able to V), (V to V): add mú- and -ïz around the verb.

  nïjeqimútwomenanjïzeyo I just can't manage to become wiser.

• To form a verb from a noun meaning to make/create/produce N, (N to V) postpose -eb to the noun.

  báypeb to lay an egg (c.f. báypa egg)
  dožúneb to conlang (c.f. dožún language)
  jlágapeb to grow a beard (c.f. jlágap beard)
  cu-rádufta qiqágebina The frog is one of the poisonous kinds. (c.f. qág poison)

• To form a noun which is filling a given thematic role of a verb, the so-called Theta-of-V (V to N):, postpose the appropriate stressed Theta marker to the verb. (If the verb ends in a vowel, -y- is inserted between verb and marker.)

  dožún language (lit. that which is spoken) (Patient) (c.f. dóž speak/talk)
  dožunebéd a conlanger (c.f. dožunéb to conlang)
  ceréd singer (Agent) (c.f. cér sing)
  mïkún soap (Instrument) (c.f. mîk wash)
  joldíš target (Destination) (c.f. jóld throw)
  cetás kitchen (Location) (c.f. cét bake)
  crapíγ cause for tears/reason for crying (Cause) (c.f. cráp cry)
  gumáp attitude (Manner) (c.f. gúm think)

• There is a limited form of Noun-incorporation (N+V to V) formed by prepending noun and Theta to the verb and appending ël. Stress is on the noun.

  mórokunjikël to hammer/hit with a hammer (c.f. mórok hammer and jík hit)
  γróqaždenël to snake-hunt (c.f. γróta snake and dén hunt)
  jódassosël to laugh heartily (c.f. jódap belly and sós laugh)
  nódunjikël to kick (c.f. nódat leg jík hit)
  mîkafedcer there is bird-singing (c.f. káfta bird cér sing)
  káfedcereyo I am experiencing birds' singing

• To nominalize an adjective into an Abstract-Property (A to N), postpose -kïx to the adjective.

  jóbakïx cowardice (c.f. jóba cowardly)
  lévzokïx beauty (c.f. lévzo pretty)
  váltokïx heat (c.f. válto hot)

• There are a variety of noun-to-noun derivational processes, many of which could be translated as Noun-of-Noun, but in Dožún are distinct. They are all formed by joining the two nouns with one of a variety of markers between. The stress is on the second noun. The markers are: made-of -at(ë)-; does -ir(ï)-; like/as -on(ë)-; for -ub(ï)-;

  šlutatësréj fruit-bread (c.f. šlútok fruit and sréj bread)
  γorokatëfténk sword of gold (c.f. γórokaf gold and fténk sword)
  tašofirbélaž coffee-tree (c.f. tášof coffee and bélaž tree)
  šokyonlîjta fire-fish (c.f. šókyaf fire and lîjta fish)
  radubcéxta frog-(hunting) dog (c.f. rádufta frog and céxta dog)

• One can form a noun from noun and verb (V+N to N), the result is a particular kind of the noun which takes the given thematic role with respect to the verb. It is formed by adjoing verb to -w- to Theta to noun. Stress is on the noun.

  cerwedkáfta song-bird (Agent) (c.f. cér sing and káfta bird)
  cuzwiγwúkta fear-duck (Cause) (c.f. cúz fear and wúkta duck)
  megwinjvéropta honey-bee (Source) (c.f. mégof honey and jvéropta bee)

• The final derivation process creates a Verbal Noun meaning the act of V-ing (V to N), it is usually only used in the archaic and formal registers. Any complements to the verbal noun must have their thematic roles indicated with the ThetaP markers. To form the verbal noun in the formal register, add an initial homorganic nasal consonant and reduplicate the initial vowel with -q- inserted. Stress is on the origianl vowel of the verb. For the archaic register, also prepend hë-. The tense for this form is relative to the clause in which the verbal noun is sitting. (The verbal noun can take the verbal prefixes.)

  ndoqóžg / hëndoqóžg preparation (c.f. dóžg prepare)
  mboqór / hëmboqór causation (c.f. bór cause)

Here are some typical nominal endings: (* indicates productive affixes). These affixes are usually dropped when the noun is involved in other derivational processes.

-(s)im	collection-of
-ožat	*race
-p	body part
-t	(paired) body part
-af	*substance
-(F)ta	animal
-opta	*creepycrawly
-al	(*)duration

IX. Possession

In other words we have the following schemata for possession: (where PD indicates the Possessed and PR indicates the Possessor)

Alienable, Pronomial Possessor	NounPD-(Number)-FullPersonPR
Inalienable, Pronomial Possessor	Class-NounPD-(Number)-FullPersonPR
Alienable, Nominal Possessor	NounPR-PossP NounPD
Inalienable, Nominal Possessor	NounPR-Poss Class-NounPD-PersonPR

céxtamo my dog
céxtamow our(2) dog
céxtamob our(3) dog
céxtamos our dog
te-lúkawsu your hands
cu-káftaxxë báypa the bird's egg
cu-káftax te-cégita the bird's foot
káftax te-cégita the foot of a bird
céxtaxmo te-nóxa qipélnïnja. My dog's nose is (usually) black.

X. Demonstrative Adjectives

te-gáq te-lútatmo this hand of mine (visible)

XI. Pronouns, Articles, Etc.

• There is no indefinite article.
• The definite article is preposed to all A/N; it is formed:
Class-(Number)-A/N
• Pronouns are of the form, stressed on Person: Class-FullPerson-Number

  zi-móy I
  zi-mów we(dual)
  zi-mób we(trial)
  zi-mós we(plur)
  te-káw they(2 body-parts, e.g. eyes)
  cu-tíy it(4)(animate)

• Indefinite Particles: (For comparison, English has Some=SK/SU/IRN/Q/Cnd, No=DN, Any=DN/FC/Cmp/Cnd/Q/IN, Ever=DN/Cmp/Cnd/Q/IN)

  bujï- Specific known
  libï- Specific unknown/Irrealis non-specific/Question
  jarï- Irrealis non-specific/Conditional/Comparative
  nï- Direct negation
  fsakï- Indirect negation/Comparative/Direct negation/Free-choice
  kwenï- Free-choice

  Examples:

  bujï-pérožat támensem žujojóleda. Some person was throwing rocks (I saw it).
  libï-pérožat támensem cujojóleda. Apparently some person was throwing rocks.
  libï-pérožat / Jarï-pérožat támensem xïjojóleda... If someone were throwing rocks...
  jarï-pérožat támensem xïjojóleda... If someone was throwing rocks...
  libï-pérožat támensem mïjojóleda? Was anyone throwing rocks?
  kwenï-pérožat támensem jóleda. Anyone may throw rocks.

XII. Comparatives, etc.

• as A as N = N+ExtP A
• the A1-er the A2-er = A1+SrcP A2+DestP
• A-er than N = N+SrcP A
• the A-est (of N) = (N+SrcP) Class+A+qVn

žúrtingë jófoy jérta a squirrel as large as a wolf
mîftingë míroy wúkta a duck smaller than a mouse
zi-móyingë cu-rádufta jojófonjera the frog was bigger than me
lévzingë γêriššë the prettier the eviler

XIII. Special Classes of Verbs, etc.

XIII.1. Verbs of Motion

cražé swimming; jedé running; jlogé wandering; kafté pulling; kampé dancing; korté pushing; nexé carrying (on foot); noké leading (on foot); poté marching; raγé crawling; repé flying; sogé walking; talké climbing (e.g. ladder/tree); tapé climbing, hiking; xtaté jumping; yežgé riding; žeγé carrying, transporting (vehicle); želné turning; žogé driving.

joqîgo-jedé. I was running.
qîgo-jedé. I am running.
támenem giqîgeda-nexé. She brought a rock.
cu-káfta qîgeda-repé. The bird flies.
córetassë joqîgo-sogé. I walked in the plains.

XIII.2. Verbs of Placement

riké pouring; rové lying/laying; xegé sitting; xkažé standing; žexé hanging.

jojéno-xegé. I was sitting.
päxkóriš(šë) gitráxkedat-xkažé. She set it on the table.
päxkóraššë (go)jéni-xkažé. It was standing on the table.
jotráxkok-riké. I was pouring it.

XIII.3. Verbs of Sense

twogó sight; wusú sound; yaγá taste; noxó smell; lutú touch; mugú intuition; xandá emotion;

pšékotap júfo-noxó. I smell flowers.
pšékot xéjuf-noxó. It smells of flowers. / There is a smell of flowers.
pšékoter jojúfo-noxó. I was sniffing/sniffed/smelled flowers.
wúktap júfo-wusú. I hear a duck. / Sounds like a duck.
γêrïkïxin júfo-mugú. I sense evil.
cápïy-noxó tíxta smelly cat

XIII.4. Facial Expressions

dlúγin frown; dúlon sad expression; qúrijän smile; rádix smirk; rógëxan surprised expression; ... ...;

qúrijänap mólgok. I smile.
rógëxanap jomólgok. I was giving a surprised look.
dlúγinap qimólgok. I usually frown.
dúlnap qimólgok. I usually look sad.

XIII.5. Weather Expressions

XIV. Examples

Old Examples

• bélažas-jí In a tree
• bobélažiš-júre Almost into the tree
• fténker qisímedo. I usually carry a sword.
• zipérožatox fténker (jîk). The man has a sword.
• fténker pérožat símed. A man is carrying a sword.
• cukáfta pujovicéred. The bird was singing (I heard).
• xéxixned. It is dumping snow.
• cuvixélend. / Cuxélend. It seems to be raining.
• vixélend. / Xélend. It is raining.
• sérihlend. It is sprinkling.
• xïgigágoku... If I had given it to you...
• pšékot ilévzonjera. Flowers are pretty.
• cuycererkáfta gicéred. The songbird sang a song.
• káfta jovicéred. A bird was singing.
• káfta jocéred. A bird sang.
• boylétan žujošógera. The river used to flow. (I saw it myself)
• boylétan dujošógera. " (they say)
• boylétan žuqišógera. The river usually flows. (I saw)
• boylétan fuqišógera. " (X told me)
• céxkar gižúvok. Tíxtam žugitúxat. Žugipísi. I saw a dog. I saw it bite a cat. Then the cat sneezed.
• xïxúco sópoj. I want to sleep.
• támenem giqîga-nexé. päxkóriš gitráxkat-xkažé. Päxkóraššë gojéni-xkažé. She brought a rock. She set it on the table. It was standing on the table.
• joîgo-jedé. I was running.
• telúkawsu tléconjer. Your hands are strong.
• telúkatisu tléconjer. Your hand is strong.
• He started laughing and she punched him.
• If I see him again, I'll punch him.
• When I see him again, I'll punch him.
• If I were to see him again, I'd punch him.
• xïjoxúco josópoj. I wanted to have slept.
• xïxúco josópoj I wanted to be sleeping.
• xïsoxúco josópoj I wanted to sleep.
• mórokunjikëlededokem. I hammer at it.
• kiγdóložat ihákïnjeka. Halfling-kind is good.